One of the earliest computer keyboards was invented in the 1960s as computers transitioned from specialized machines to more general-purpose devices. These keyboards were fairly basic, with large mechanical keys laid out in alphabetical order to facilitate typing. As computers advanced in capabilities in the 1970s, keyboards also evolved to accommodate new functions. Keys were added for common input like numbers, punctuation, and cursor controls. The first function keys also appeared on keyboards during this period. Ergonomic designs also began improving keyboards for comfort during extended use.
Standardization and the AT/PS2 Interface
In the 1980s, there was a push to standardize computer keyboards to promote compatibility between computers and peripherals from different manufacturers. The AT, or AT-type, connection became the mainstream standard keyboard interface, named after IBM's AT family of computers it was introduced on. The PS/2 interface soon replaced and improved upon AT with backward compatibility in mind. Key features like NKRO anti-ghosting were introduced, allowing multiple simultaneous key presses. Keyboards with PS/2 connectors became ubiquitous throughout the 1980s and 90s as PCs rose to dominance.
Introduction of USB and Multimedia Functionality
As USB became the prevailing universal peripheral interface in the late 1990s and 2000s, Computer Keyboards transitioned to support this new standard as well. USB offered benefits like plug-and-play connectivity and hot-swapping of devices without rebooting. Around this time, additional multimedia functions were incorporated into mainstream keyboards beyond just cursor and nav keys. Dedicated buttons gave easy access to common tasks like play/pause, volume control, searching the web, and launching apps. Backlit and ergonomic keyboards catered to increased laptop and desktop usage. Programmable macro and gaming keys also found their way into more keyboards.
Modern Features and Technologies
Today's versatile keyboards offer a wealth of features adapted for various use cases and input needs. Wireless Bluetooth and 2.4GHz connectivity gives freedom from wires without sacrificing responsiveness. Rechargeable built-in batteries provide months of use between charges. Backlit designs with customizable lighting make keyboards visible in any setting. Spill-resistant and durable construction stands up to daily use. Tenkeyless and compact variations optimize space for different workspaces. Additionally, specialized keyboards have emerged for precise gaming, high-speed typing, assisted technologies, and more. Input technologies have advanced as well, with N-key rollover, anti-ghosting, and capacitive sensing delivering ultra-responsive typing. Programmable macros and onboard memory profiles remember customizations.
Mechanical vs Membrane Switch Designs
A choice when shopping for premium keyboards is between mechanical and membrane switch technology. Mechanical keyboards use individual mechanical switches under each key rated for 50+ million presses. Each keypress delivers precise tactile and audible feedback. Popular mechanical switch types give different tactile experiences, like clicky, tactile, and linear. Topre capacitive switches deliver a hybrid experience. Meanwhile, budget membrane keyboards utilize a rubber dome sheet with metal contacts that feels softer with less distinct feedback per key. While mechanical switches are generally more expensive, their durability and customizable feel appeals to professionals and enthusiasts.
Customization and specialty options
The aftermarket for computer boards has flourished with specialty customization and niche options. Keycap sets in various colors, profiles, and materials let users change their keyboard's aesthetic. Lubricants and grease improve smoothness and longevity for mechanical keyboards. Externally programmable keyboards offer fully customizable layouts, lighting effects, macros, and functions through software. Split, Ergodox, and other ergonomic split designs reduce strain on hands and wrists. Ortholinear and column-staggered arrangements relearn how users learn to type. Specialized numpads and macropads tailor inputs for tasks like video editing or programming. Overall the versatility and customization possibilities of modern computer boards enable users to get the perfect input experience.
Computer boards have greatly evolved hand-in-hand with advancing PC technology. Standardization supported broad adoption in the 1980s while multimedia and connectivity innovations propelled modern features. Top keyboards provide versatility through unique specialization, customizable mechanics and functions, and options tailoring to many use cases and input needs. The aftermarket has flourished with full control over keyboard aesthetics and functionality through customization. Overall, today's keyboards exemplify adaptability delivering optimized typing experiences for all users.
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